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Objective@#To investigate the factors associated with CD4+ /CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio normalization in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients after antiretroviral therapy (ART).@*Methods@#The data of 1 188 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS patients from the national ART reporting system in Yuxi City, Yunnan Province between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2016 were retrospectively collected and analyzed. The rate of CD4+ /CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio normalization after ART was calculated by lifetable. Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze the factors associated with CD4+ /CD8+ T lymphocyte normalization in AIDS patients after ART. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for comparison between groups.@*Results@#The follow-up time was 3.8 (1.0-10.8) years. CD4+ /CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio normalization was documented in 95 patients with the rate of 1.89 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval(CI) 1.52-2.27) after ART. The average time from ART to CD4+ /CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio normalized was 9.4 years. The cumulative normalization rate was 0.02 for the first year, 0.06 for the third year, 0.11 for the fifth year, 0.19 for the seventh year and 0.37 for the ninth year. By Cox proportional hazard models, the probability of CD4+ /CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio normalization in patients infected HIV by heterosexual contacts was 3.709 (95%CI 1.781-7.726) times higher than those by intravenous injection. The probability of CD4+ /CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio normalization in patients with baseline CD4+ T lymphocytes of 350-499 and more than 500 cell/μL groups were 2.792 (95%CI 1.196-6.519) and 3.832 (95%CI 1.648-8.913) times higher than those with baseline CD4+ T lymphocytes less than 200 cell/μL, respectively. The probability of normalization after ART in patients with higher baseline CD4+ /CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio was higher than those with baseline CD4+ /CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio≤ 0.20 (hazard ratio>1, all P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#The CD4+ /CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio normalization in AIDS patients after ART is associated with baseline CD4+ T lymphocyte counts, baseline CD4+ /CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio and HIV transmission mode.
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Objective To investigate the factors associated with CD 4 +／CD8 +T lymphocyte ratio normalization in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS) patients after antiretroviral therapy ( ART). Methods The data of 1 188 human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV)／AIDS patients from the national ART reporting system in Yuxi City , Yunnan Province between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2016 were retrospectively collected and analyzed.The rate of CD4 +／CD8 +T lymphocyte ratio normalization after ART was calculated by lifetable.Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze the factors associated with CD 4+／CD8+T lymphocyte normalization in AIDS patients after ART.The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for comparison between groups.Results The follow-up time was 3.8 (1.0 -10.8 ) years.CD4+／CD8+T lymphocyte ratio normalization was documented in 95 patients with the rate of 1.89 per 100 person-years (95%confidence interval (CI) 1.52-2.27) after ART.The average time from ART to CD4 +／CD8+T lymphocyte ratio normalized was 9.4 years.The cumulative normalization rate was 0.02 for the first year, 0.06 for the third year, 0.11 for the fifth year, 0.19 for the seventh year and 0.37 for the ninth year.By Cox proportional hazard models, the probability of CD4+／CD8 +T lymphocyte ratio normalization in patients infected HIV by heterosexual contacts was 3.709 (95%CI 1.781-7.726) times higher than those by intravenous injection.The probability of CD4 +／CD8 +T lymphocyte ratio normalization in patients with baseline CD 4+T lymphocytes of 350-499 and more than 500 cell／μL groups were 2.792 (95%CI 1.196-6.519) and 3.832 (95%CI 1.648-8.913) times higher than those with baseline CD 4 +T lymphocytes less than 200 cell／μL, respectively.The probability of normalization after ART in patients with higher baseline CD 4+／CD8+T lymphocyte ratio was higher than those with baseline CD 4 +／CD8+T lymphocyte ratio≤0.20 ( hazard ratio ＞1, all P＜0.01). Conclusion The CD4 +／CD8 +T lymphocyte ratio normalization in AIDS patients after ART is associated with baseline CD4+T lymphocyte counts, baseline CD4 +／CD8 +T lymphocyte ratio and HIV transmission mode.
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This study aimed at identifying pig-hide gelatin from tortoise shell glue using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray-time of flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS).The samples of tortoise shell glue were digested by trypsin before the analysis on UPLC coupled with QTOF mass spectrometry.The ions at m/z 925.4 were selected as the marker peptides of pig-hide gelatin.It was found that the test results of the ions at m/z 925.4 were positive in the samples with low contents of the marker peptides of tortoise shell glue,indicating the existence of pig-hide gelatin.However,the result of bovine-hide gelatinordonkey-hide gelatin was negative,while negative results were detected in tortoiseglue standard.The finding was in conformity with previous references over the fragmentation regularity of MS/MS.In conclusion,the method can be adopted to identifying the pig-hide gelatin from tortoise shell glue and applied to the quality control of tortoise shell glue with high specificity and sensibility.
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China boasts for its abundant resources of Trapa L.The fruit of Trapa has been given high edible and medicinal values so far.Trapa L.plants mainly contain terpenoids,sterols,phenolic acids and flavonoids.Current studies profotmdly analyzed the biological activities on hypoglycemic,anti-oxidation,anti-tumor,antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects of it.Some preliminary studies over biological activities included the effects on reducing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),the inhibition of H2O2-induced injury of human umbilical vein endothelial cells,inducing HeLa cell apoptosis,analgesia,liver protection,anti-atherosclerosis and deworming.This paper reviewed literature on the chemical constituents and biological activities of Trapa L for the provision of a reference for the exploration and utilization of Trapa L.
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As national strategic resources,traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) resource is the material basis for the pharmaceutical industry and health services.The high-efficiency utilization of TCM resource is a major strategic issue that realize the resource conservation and environment friendly recycling economy,guarantee the sustainable development of medicine.But currently,on one hand,the wild TCM resource was seriously damaged and in a serious shortage of stock,the cultivation variety was degenerated,the tending of endangered medicinal materials and the development of alternative varieties were faced many problems.On the other hand,the limited resources cannot be effectively utilized,which results in the waste of resources.Therefore,two ecological restricted resources,poria cocos and Chinese gall,were studied for comprehensive utilization of resources to explore the comprehensive exploitation and utilization of TCM resource as well as the pattern of sustainable development.We suggested that TCM resource should be taken into account as a whole for comprehensive utilization.We should especially pay attention to basic research for the sustainable development of TCM resource,discovery of bioactive substance,excavation and transformation for functional components,the use of biotechnology,the product development,the formation and extension of industry chain.So as the comprehensive exploitation and utilization of TCM resources and sustainable development would be realized.
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This study was aimed to explore the in vitro antibacterial,anti-inflammatory and antitussive effects of water extract of Styrax japonicus leaves and to verify its concerning efficacies.In vitro antibacterial,anti-inflammatory and antitussive effects were observed by in vitro antibacterial experiment,cotton ball implantation,carrageenan-induced paw edema together with xylene-induced ear edema experiments with rats or mice,and ammonia hydroxide-induced coughing experiment,respectively.The results showed that water extract of Styraxjaponicus leaves can inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus except candida albicans.Its high-dose group can reduce the weight of cotton ball granuloma in rats obviously.And its low-dose and high-dose groups can inhibit carrageenan-induced paw edema apparently.Meanwhile,its low-dose and high-dose groups can improve xylene-induced ear edema distinctively.Its low-dose and high-dose groups can evidently prolong the ammonia hydroxide-induced coughing incubation periods.And all groups can reduce coughing times.It was concluded that the water extract of Styrax japonicus leaves coincided with the relative clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and provided experimental evidences for its clinical application to some degree.
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This study aimed at developing an ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) method for the identification of bovine hide gelatine from the shell glue of the red-eared slider.Tortoise shell glue was made from the shell of red-eared slider or Reeves' turtle (Chinemys reevesii).The samples were analyzed on UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS after being digested by trypsin,and the ions at m/z 604.8,m/z 641.3,m/z 790.8 of the marker peptides of bovine hide gelatin were detected.As a result,it was found that the test results of the ions made from the shell of red-eared slider at m/z 641.3 were positive,taking the same fragmentation regularity of MS/MS as the standard of bovine-hide gelatine,while negative results were detected from the ions made from the shell of Reeves' turtle.In conclusion,the method was simple and accurate provided a basis for distinguishing the tortoise shell glue from bovine hide,which could be also used for the quality control of tortoise shell glue.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the genetic background of Evodia rutaecarpa by AFLP, and analyze the genetic diversity of E. rutaecarpa from different areas.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>E. rutaecarpa genomic DNA was extracted. The AFLP reaction system was established and AFLP primer pairs were chosen for the analysis. Forty-six individuals of E. rutaecarpa which from five provinces were analyzed by AFLP. The NTSYS-pc 2.1 software was used for cluster analysis.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Six out of the original 72 pairs of primers were optimized for the study; AFLP analysis revealed the similarity coefficient of 0.53, the samples of E. rutaecarpa var. officinalis from Zhejiang province was separated from other accessions; E. rutaecarpa var. officinalis also showed more pronounced genetic variation than the E. rutaecarpa, and strong geo-related relevance.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Variance of genetic background of E. rutaecarpa are large, AFLP analysis method can obviously identify different varieties of E. rutaecarpa, and can detect the genetic characteristics of inter-regional differences.</p>
Subject(s)
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis , DNA, Plant , Evodia , Classification , Genetics , Genetic Variation , PhylogenyABSTRACT
Objective:To find a suitable sterilization for the Zhining oral solution. Methods:The contents of effective components in Zhining oral solution with the different sterilizations were determined by HPLC.Results: Pasteurization and flowsteam sterilization have little effect on the contents of effective components in Zhining oral solution, while autoclave sterilization and 60 Co radiation sterilization reduced respectively the contents chrysophanol or 2,3,5,4′ tetrahydroxystilbene 2 O ? D glucoside. Conclusions: The different sterilizations have different effects on contents of effective components. Zhining oral solution should be sterilized by pasteurization.
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AIM:To investigate the reasonableness test of different parts of Herba Asari.METHODS:HPLC method was used to determine aristolochic acid A content content in different parts of Herba Asari.RESULTS:Aristolochic acid A content in above-ground parts of Herba Asari was higher than that in the root,and aristolochic acid A was not detected ever in some Radix et Rhizoma Asari.CONCLUSION:It is more reasonable that the medicinal part of Herba Asari is selected from the root rather than whole herb,and it is coincident with medicinal literature.
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Objective: To find out the parameters of drop pill's process in proportion to matrix, refrigerant and addition, in relationship with the height and rotational speed of freeze-pillar and drop pills. Methods: Using parallel experimentation for the choice of matrix and refrigerant; mode and proportion of adding drug. Using orthogonal experimentation for the choice of height and rotate speed about freeze-pillar, dropping speed. With moulding probability of drop pills as the evaluation quota to decide the best dropping condition. Results: PEG 4000 is matrix. Methyl-siliconoil: Liquid-paraffin (3∶1) is refrigerant. Internal and external diameter of burette are equal to 4.5mm and 5.8mm. Drug is dropped into the refrigerant of 10～15 ?C by 50 to 60 dropping per minute (freeze-pillar height 120cm, rotate speed is 20 round per minute.) Moulding probability is of the highest one. Conclusion: The moulding technics of drop pills with high finished product rate and good quality.